Green Tea the Benefits of Health Over the past 15–20 years, a number of other research studies have been conducted to determine what health benefits can be attributed to consumption of green tea and its extracts. This research has shown that green tea has a variety of potential health benefits. These benefits include anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, and benefits in cardiovascular disease and oral health. While much of this research has been performed in vitro, and a significant amount of the research done in vivo, using animal models, this will focus mainly on studies conducted with human subjects plus pertinent information from the other types of studies. Anticarcinogenic Properties of Green Tea Cancer is currently a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Billions of dollars in research monies have been poured into cancer research over the past 50 plus years, and yet we do not se...
Women’s
Relationship To Their Own Beauty
The Real Truth About Beauty study
began by exploring to what extent women perceive and experience themselves as
beautiful, and the reasons why.
Specifically, the study tried to
determine: how comfortable women are with using the word to describe
themselves; their level of satisfaction with their own beauty; its impact on
their sense of well-being; and, how important it is to them.
The initial part of the study
specifically asked women to reflect on their own beauty. It was only later in
the study that women were asked to reflect on beauty as a concept or in
relation to others.
Thus, at the outset of the study –
before women had a sense of the subject matter of the investigation – the
objective was to obtain as accurate an understanding as possible of women’s
relationship with their own beauty, unmediated by ideals or stimulus that
encouraged deeper reflection on the concept.
Ownership
of the Word “Beautiful”
Study data reveal that “beautiful”
is not a word women willingly associate with themselves. In the study, women
were given a list consisting only of positive or neutral adjectives to
describe their looks (including; “natural,” “average,” “beautiful,” “sexy” and
“gorgeous”) and asked to choose the one they felt most comfortable with.
By an overwhelming majority, women
around the world are most comfortable using the words natural (31%) or average (29%)
to describe their looks.
·
Only
2% of women around the world choose beautiful
to describe their looks, fewer even than choose “attractive” (9%), “feminine”
(8%), “good-looking” (7%) or “cute” (7%).
·
Analysis
reveals that this lack of identification with “beautiful” holds across all age
groups, with only 4% of 18-29 year-olds choosing “beautiful” as a word to
describe their looks.
A country-by-country analysis reveals
that there are interesting distinctions between the two most popular
descriptors of “average” and “natural.” “Natural” is the descriptor of choice
among Canadian, Italian, French, Argentinean and Japanese women, while
Brazilian, Portuguese, British and Dutch women are most likely to describe
themselves as “average.”
6% of Brazilian women choose
“beautiful” to describe themselves – the highest number among all countries studied.
Deeper probing on
this issue revealed that four in ten women around the world strongly agree (8, 9, or 10 on a
10-point scale) that they do not feel
comfortable describing themselves as beautiful.
NOTE: Throughout this study, we have
used “strongly agree” data meaning that
women had to select 8, 9, or 10 on a 10-point scale where 1 was “completely
disagree” and 10 was “completely agree.”
This is in keeping with research
convention. From the perspective of the lay reader, it is important to remember
that - in all cases - “strongly agree” represents very firmly held beliefs—not
simple accord.
Thus, “beauty” is not only a word
that women are very unlikely to choose to describe their looks; it is also one
which many actually feel “uncomfortable” using to describe themselves. This
level of “discomfort” illustrates the degree to which women have become
distanced from today’s idea of female beauty.
·
Importantly,
women feel this way regardless of age. Thus 40% of 18 to 29 year-olds strongly
agree that they do not feel comfortable describing themselves as beautiful,
with 43% of 30 to 44 year-olds and 42% of 45 to 64 year-olds also feeling this
way.
·
A
country-by-country comparison reveals that women from Great Britain are more
likely than women from other countries to feel uncomfortable describing
themselves as beautiful, followed by women from Argentina, Italy and the U.S.
The Real Truth About Beauty study
went on to conduct an assessment of how women evaluate their own beauty.
Throughout this exploration, women were asked to evaluate both their beauty and
their physical attractiveness.
This was partly to determine how
women assess themselves, and partly to discern whether women evaluate their
“beauty” any differently from their “physical attractiveness.” While similar
assessments of both would not confirm a causal connection (i.e., beauty is
based solely on physical appearance), it would suggest that women think about
the two in similar ways, seeing them as having a great deal of overlap and
perhaps as being interchangeable.
Results show that, overall, women do
not rate their own “beauty” and their “physical attractiveness” differently
across various measures (such as evaluation and satisfaction). Thus the two
concepts appear – in these respects – interchangeable.
Data show that the vast majority of
women rate themselves “average” in terms of their “beauty” and their “physical
attractiveness.”
·
Almost
three-quarters of women (72%) rate their beauty “average” and 69% rate their
physical attractiveness “average.”
·
Overall,
13% see themselves as somewhat less or much less beautiful or physically
attractive than others.
·
16% of
all women think of themselves as “somewhat more” or “much more” physically
attractive than others.
Apart from the similarity in the
ratings across both concepts, the very substantial number of respondents opting
for “average,” indicates that women prefer not to distinguish themselves from
other women in terms of either their beauty or physical attractiveness.
Country comparisons reveal that
women in Japan are significantly more likely to rate their beauty and their
physical attractiveness poorly compared to other women.
They are significantly more likely
to think of themselves as “somewhat less” or “much less” beautiful or
physically attractive. Indications from numerous other studies as comparative
subjects among the Japanese are that these relatively depressed scores for
Japan are reflective of a broad and consistent cultural trend.







While it is noteworthy that most
women see themselves as at least “average” in attractiveness, these results
must be interpreted in light of an extensive body of research.
Which finds that people in most
Western cultures (but not East Asian cultures, such as Japan) tend to rate
themselves as significantly “above average” in virtually every domain. Thus,
women’s self rating of physical attractiveness is lower than their predicted
self rating in other domains.
The study did illustrate a
difference between the way in which women evaluate their body weight in
comparison to their beauty and physical attractiveness.
Despite mostly categorizing
themselves as “average” on beauty and physical attractiveness, almost half of all women (47%) rate their body weight as “too high” – a trend
that increases with age.
This is particularly the case in the
U.S. (60%), Great Britain (57%) and Canada Despite mostly categorizing
themselves as “average” on beauty and physical attractiveness, almost half of all women (47%) rate their body weight as “too high” – a trend
that increases with age.
·
This
is particularly the case in the U.S. (60%), Great Britain (57%) and Canada
(54%).
·
Italian
and Argentinean women are most likely to say their weight is “just right.”
·
Italian
and women are most likely to say their weight is “just right.”
Thus we can see that a particular
aspect of physical appearance can elicit very different ratings from women, and
also how a perceived sense of being overweight is of concern to literally
millions of women in the countries studied.
It is important to recognize that,
while these assessments often reflect hard data on overweight and obesity
levels in many of the countries, this study does not demonstrate whether the
women who are medically overweight/obese are also those who feel overweight.
·
It is
worth noting the significant disparity between perception of overweight and
medical reality in Japan and, to a lesser extent, Canada.
Personal Satisfaction with Beauty,
Physical Appearance and Life in General
The study also explored how women feel about their beauty and physical
appearance – specifically whether they are happy with these and how important
it is for them to be happy with these.
Importantly, almost half of all
women (48%) strongly agree (8, 9, or
10 on a 10 -point scale) with the statement that: “When I feel less beautiful,
I feel worse about myself in general,” clearly illustrating the impact these
feelings can have on overall self-esteem and happiness.
The study assessed levels of satisfaction among women regarding
their beauty, physical attractiveness, facial attractiveness, and body weight
and shape.
·
The
study finds that women make little distinction between their own physical
attractiveness, facial attractiveness and beauty when reporting levels of
overall personal satisfaction.
The majority of women around the
world remain only somewhat satisfied
with their beauty (58%), physical attractiveness (59%) and facial
attractiveness (58%). This large “somewhat satisfied” response is comprised of
women who could be “happier” with their beauty and appearance – although it
would be a mistake to classify them as “unhappy.”
·
It is
likely to be women from this group who are most receptive to messages about
beauty and appearance in the media and popular culture because, although they
derive some satisfaction from how they look, they certainly believe they could
be more satisfied, and may well strive to be so.
Just 13% of all women say they are
very satisfied with their beauty, 12% with their physical attractiveness, 17%
with their facial attractiveness and 13% with their body weight and shape.
·
Across
countries studied, a comparatively higher
level of satisfaction with beauty and physical and facial attractiveness is
found in Argentina, the U.S., Canada and the Netherlands.
·
In
comparison, women in Japan have the lowest
levels of satisfaction with their beauty and physical and facial
attractiveness.
The majority of women are
significantly less satisfied with their body weight and shape than with their
beauty and physical attractiveness.
·
While
71% are somewhat or very satisfied with their physical attractiveness and
beauty, only 57% of women worldwide are somewhat or very satisfied with their
body weight and shape.
The exception to this rule is Japan
– where only one in five women are satisfied with their physical
attractiveness, beauty and their body
weight and shape.
To further explore satisfaction with
beauty and appearance in relation to satisfaction with other dimensions of
life, women were read a list of different aspects of their lives (in randomized
order) and asked to rate their level of satisfaction with each on a 10-point
scale.
Results show that women are most happy with their health and with their relationships – with family, friends and romantic partners.
·
A
notable exception is Japan – where romantic relationships receive extremely low
satisfaction scores. This may be due to the fact that the Japanese translation
for “romantic relationship” used in the study has far more idealized
connotations than in the English version and is thus perceived as harder to
achieve by Japanese respondents.
Relatively speaking, women are least
satisfied with their physical attractiveness, body weight and shape, beauty and
financial success.
·
Again,
it is instructive to compare women’s satisfaction with physical appearance
against the extensive literature on life satisfaction and well-being. Large
scale surveys in the United States, Western Europe and other Westernized
countries find life satisfaction ratings to be in the 70-80% range.
·
This
suggests that satisfaction with appearance is lower than overall satisfaction
with life. Indeed, in this study, the only domain women are less satisfied with
is their financial success.
Levels of satisfaction for beauty,
appearance and financial success still show about a third of women claiming
that they are “very satisfied” (i.e. choosing 8, 9 or 10 on a 10-point scale).
·
Thus,
we see approximately two-thirds of women who could be happier than they currently
are with these key dimensions of their lives.
We can conclude from these results
that, while their own beauty and physical appearance are not the primary
drivers of women’s well-being, they are important players.
Importantly, the study shows that the
majority of women are only “somewhat satisfied” with their beauty, indicating –
again – that there is a desire for improvement. This improvement would
contribute not only to their satisfaction with their appearance but presumably
to their satisfaction with life as a whole.
·
Data
on women’s evaluation of their own beauty and physical appearance is at parity–
suggesting that they feel similarly about each. This indicates that there may
be ways in which women equate one with the other when they are evaluating
themselves.
·
Indeed,
if beauty and physical attractiveness are seen as congruent concepts, there is
a reticence on women’s part to call themselves “beautiful” or to use any close
synonyms such as “attractive,” “pretty” or “good-looking.”
While
it is noteworthy that most women see themselves as at least “average” in
attractiveness, these results must be interpreted in light of an extensive body
of research.
Which finds that people in most
Western cultures (but not East Asian cultures, such as Japan) tend to rate
themselves as significantly “above average” in virtually every domain. Thus,
women’s self rating of physical attractiveness is lower than their predicted
self rating in other domains.
The study did illustrate a
difference between the way in which women evaluate their body weight in
comparison to their beauty and physical attractiveness.
Despite mostly categorizing
themselves as “average” on beauty and physical attractiveness, almost half of all women (47%) rate their body weight as “too high” – a trend
that increases with age.
·
This
is particularly the case in the U.S. (60%), Great Britain (57%) and Canada
(54%).
It is important to recognize that,
while these assessments often reflect hard data on overweight and obesity
levels in many of the countries, this study does not demonstrate whether the
women who are medically overweight/obese are also those who feel overweight.
·
It is
worth noting the significant disparity between perception of overweight and
medical reality in Japan and, to a lesser extent, Canada.
Personal Satisfaction with Beauty,
Physical Appearance and Life in General
The study also explored how women feel about their beauty and physical
appearance – specifically whether they are happy with these and how important
it is for them to be happy with these.
Importantly, almost half of all
women (48%) strongly agree (8, 9, or
10 on a 10 -point scale) with the statement that: “When I feel less beautiful,
I feel worse about myself in general,” clearly illustrating the impact these
feelings can have on overall self-esteem and happiness.
The study assessed levels of satisfaction among women regarding
their beauty, physical attractiveness, facial attractiveness, and body weight
and shape.
·
The
study finds that women make little distinction between their own physical
attractiveness, facial attractiveness and beauty when reporting levels of
overall personal satisfaction.
The majority of women around the
world remain only somewhat satisfied
with their beauty (58%), physical attractiveness (59%) and facial
attractiveness (58%). This large “somewhat satisfied” response is comprised of
women who could be “happier” with their beauty and appearance – although it
would be a mistake to classify them as “unhappy.”
·
It is
likely to be women from this group who are most receptive to messages about
beauty and appearance in the media and popular culture because, although they
derive some satisfaction from how they look, they certainly believe they could
be more satisfied, and may well strive to be so.
Just 13% of all women say they are
very satisfied with their beauty, 12% with their physical attractiveness, 17%
with their facial attractiveness and 13% with their body weight and shape.
·
Across
countries studied, a comparatively higher
level of satisfaction with beauty and physical and facial attractiveness is
found in Argentina, the U.S., Canada and the Netherlands.
·
In
comparison, women in Japan have the lowest
levels of satisfaction with their beauty and physical and facial
attractiveness.
The majority of women are
significantly less satisfied with their body weight and shape than with their
beauty and physical attractiveness.
·
While
71% are somewhat or very satisfied with their physical attractiveness and
beauty, only 57% of women worldwide are somewhat or very satisfied with their
body weight and shape.
The exception to this rule is Japan
– where only one in five women are satisfied with their physical
attractiveness, beauty and their body
weight and shape.
To further explore satisfaction with
beauty and appearance in relation to satisfaction with other dimensions of
life, women were read a list of different aspects of their lives (in randomized
order) and asked to rate their level of satisfaction with each on a 10-point
scale.
Results show that women are most happy with their health and with their relationships – with family, friends and romantic partners.
·
A
notable exception is Japan – where romantic relationships receive extremely low
satisfaction scores. This may be due to the fact that the Japanese translation
for “romantic relationship” used in the study has far more idealized
connotations than in the English version and is thus perceived as harder to
achieve by Japanese respondents.
Relatively speaking, women are least
satisfied with their physical attractiveness, body weight and shape, beauty and
financial success.
·
Again,
it is instructive to compare women’s satisfaction with physical appearance
against the extensive literature on life satisfaction and well-being. Large
scale surveys in the United States, Western Europe and other Westernized
countries find life satisfaction ratings to be in the 70-80% range.
·
This
suggests that satisfaction with appearance is lower than overall satisfaction
with life. Indeed, in this study, the only domain women are less satisfied with
is their financial success.
Levels of satisfaction for beauty,
appearance and financial success still show about a third of women claiming
that they are “very satisfied” (i.e. choosing 8, 9 or 10 on a 10-point scale).
·
Thus,
we see approximately two-thirds of women who could be happier than they currently
are with these key dimensions of their lives.
We can conclude from these results
that, while their own beauty and physical appearance are not the primary
drivers of women’s well-being, they are important players.
Importantly, the study shows that the
majority of women are only “somewhat satisfied” with their beauty, indicating –
again – that there is a desire for improvement. This improvement would
contribute not only to their satisfaction with their appearance but presumably
to their satisfaction with life as a whole.
·
Data
on women’s evaluation of their own beauty and physical appearance is at parity–
suggesting that they feel similarly about each. This indicates that there may
be ways in which women equate one with the other when they are evaluating
themselves.
·
Indeed,
if beauty and physical attractiveness are seen as congruent concepts, there is
a reticence on women’s part to call themselves “beautiful” or to use any close
synonyms such as “attractive,” “pretty” or “good-looking.”
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